
Belo post DJ, five stars
Por isso é que tenho dito nos meus vídeos o caldeirão é uma escola com bons professores
Por isso é que tenho dito nos meus vídeos o caldeirão é uma escola com bons professores
Fórum dedicado à discussão sobre os Mercados Financeiros - Bolsas de Valores
http://teste.caldeiraodebolsa.jornaldenegocios.pt/
http://teste.caldeiraodebolsa.jornaldenegocios.pt/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=75610
varus Escreveu:Acho que Saturnino Monteiro descreve bem esta batalha
http://www.ancruzeiros.pt/anchistoria-comb-1509.html
Os portugueses quando foram para a India , já estavam a contar em utilizar o Hard Power , e tinham a melhor tecnologia naval e os melhores canhões , com as melhores ligas e excelentes artilheiros alemães , e foram introduzidas algumas inovações , que foram decisivas em combate.
A batalha mais impressionante , foi a de Cananor, em que o galego joão da nova , utiliza pela primeira vez na história naval a formação em linha .
Os portugueses , davam autorização ás naus de Meca , para fazerem o seu comercio , mas tinham de comprar um cartaz. A supremacia naval era tal ordem que davam ao luxo de cobrar , para outros navios poderem navegar.
A Pax lusitana , reinava desde Nagasaki ao Cabo, numa zona do globo em que circulava 60% da riqueza mundial.
Mais-um , compra os livros de Saturnino, vale a pena.
A Al-Ghawri came to power [as Sultan of Egypt]," wrote the Arab chronicler Ba Fakhi al-Shihri. "He dispatched a mighty fleet
to fight the Frank, its commander being Husain Kurdi. Entering India he stopped at Diu.
"The expedition fell in the year 13 (1507-8 AD). It had an engagement
with the Frank, but was defeated and returned to the Arabian coast.
"This was the first appearance of the Franks, may God curse them, in
the (Indian) Ocean seizing (Muslim shipping)."
Thus al-Shihri passed over what turned out to be not only the worst defeat yet
suffered by the forces of Islam, but a turning point in the centuries-long conflict
between the Cross and the Crescent. Shanbal, another contemporary Arab chronicler,
gives only a bit more detail:
"In this year [1508-9 AD] the Frank took Dabul, looting and burning
it. In this year also, the Frank made an expedition against Gujerat and
attacked Diu. The Emir Husain, who was at that time in Diu fighting the
Holy War, went forth to meet him, and they fought an engagement at sea
beyond the port. Many on the Frankish side were slain, but eventually the
Franks prevailed over the Muslims, and there befell a great slaughter among
the Emir Husain's soldiers, about 600 men, while the survivors fled to Diu.
Nor did he [the Frank] depart until they had paid him much money."
The "Franks" were really Portuguese. In the battle at Diu where "many on the
Frankish side were slain," Portuguese casualties came to 32 dead and 300 wounded.
The Muslim death toll rose to at least 1,500. But the loss to Islam was too great to
be measured in mere casualties. To understand what happened, we have to go back
several centuries.
The world of Islam
A millennium and a half after the birth of Christ, Christianity was almost totally
confined to Europe. But in half that time, Islam had spread from Arabia over the
whole eastern shore of the Mediterranean, then east through Mesopotamia, Persia,
Afghanistan, northern India and into Indonesia and the Philippines. It had traveled
west to Egypt and across North Africa and into Spain. Muslims crossed the Sahara
and converted the Negro empires of West Africa. The religion of the Prophet had
spread south along the east coast of Africa, where Arabs had established colonies long
before Mohammed. Muslim muezzins called the faithful to prayer in Central Asia
where Turkish and Mongol tribes had once practiced shamanism.
The Crusades, troublesome as they were at the time, had ultimately benefited Dar
es Islam. The Christians had acquired a taste for the goods of the East. They craved
the silk of China and the pearls of Persia, the spices of Indonesia and the gold of India.
And all of the trade routes were in Muslim hands. Occasionally Europeans like the
Poles might travel overland to China, but such ventures were rare. The caravans that
trudged along the old Silk Road were all Turkish Muslims.
The sea routes from the east, which handled much more trade, were also a
Muslim monopoly. Arab dhows from Arabia and Africa crossed the Indian ocean. The
round trip was slow, because the dhows depended on seasonal winds, but the volume
of trade was immense—and immensely valuable. Goods from China, India, and Persia
ended up in Egypt, where they were shipped to Europe in Venetian bottoms. The
Indian Ocean route was safe from the Europeans. To reach that ocean, the Christians
would have to cross Muslim lands. The only other way would be to go around the
whole continent of Africa—an unthinkable trip.
Muslim rulers grew rich from the trade—especially the mamluk rulers of Egypt.
Egyptian wealth aroused the envy of the Ottomans, a more recent influx of Turkish
nomads who had founded an empire based on Anatolia.
The Ottoman Empire was expanding in all directions. In the east, it fought the Persians,
and in the west, it sacked that bastion of Christianity, Constantinople, and flowed
into the Balkans. In the north, it drove through the Caucuses and into Russia. In the
south, it claimed Syria and Mesopotamia. The Ottomans seemed to be invincible. The
heart of the empire's army was its light cavalry bowmen, the service that had proven so
effective in the Crusades. As in all Middle Eastern and Central Asian lands, the light cavalry
were the nobility. Infantry were serfs or slaves. The Ottoman sultans, though, had
developed a new land of slave infantry. Their Janissaries had been taken from Christian
parents in infancy, raised as Muslims and trained in the military arts until they were old
enough to be soldiers. Most of them were archers, but a few had been given guns. Unlike
most Muslims, the Ottomans saw a use for gunpowder. The Janissaries' muzzle-loading
matchlocks had neither the range nor the accuracy of the Turkish bow, but the Turks
found that in some cases, firing from ships or fortresses, they were handier. The Turks
had big guns, too, huge cannons that could shatter most stone walls with one shot. The
Turks saw that cannons had value in naval warfare as well as sieges. They mounted cannons
in the bows of their galleys to supplement the galleys' rams. And as the 16th century
dawned, they got a chance to learn the value of ship-borne guns.
The land of war
The Ottomans referred to Europe as "the land of war"—the place where they
would go only to fight. The name was appropriate in more ways than one. For five
centuries before the First Crusade, invaders had overrun Europe. Goths, Huns, Avars,
Bulgars, Magyars, Vikings, and Moors had attacked the Christian kingdoms from all
sides. Under these barbarian attacks, the civilization of Rome had disappeared. Urban
life was almost extinguished and Europe had become semi-barbaric. The First Crusade
was launched in 1096. Just 82 years before that, Brian Boru smashed the last
great Viking expedition outside Dublin, and the Byzantine emperor Basil the Bulgarcide
wiped out the last attack on civilization by Central Asian nomads. Muslims still
held most of Spain and Portugal.
About the only arts that developed in Europe during this period were the military
arts. The Europeans were busily practicing them on each other when Pope Urban
II incited them against the Muslims. The techniques developed for war in Europe,
however, did not work in the deserts of the Near East.
In spite of their failure, the Crusades were not a total disaster for Europe. They
brought the semi-barbaric Westerners in contact with the Eastern Roman Empire as
well as with the civilization of the Islamic lands. Learning got a jump-start. Universities
were founded and grew. Ancient philosophers, who were almost forgotten, were
studied again. So were ancient mathematicians and engineers. The mechanical ingenuity
that had produced the crossbow (which so amazed Anna Comnena) was turned to
peaceful arts. Millers began grinding grain with water or windmills. Miners dug deep
for coal, iron, copper, and precious metals. Masons built towering Gothic cathedrals.
Metal founders learned how to cast enormous bronze bells for those cathedrals.
Society began to change, too. The armored knight was no longer supreme. Scottish
pikemen had defeated English knights, Flemish infantry, French knights; and
Swiss halbardiers, Burgundian knights. At Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt English
archers had mowed down French chivalry by the thousands. As the power of the
nobility declined, the power of the merchants and artisans grew.
Commerce increased by land and sea. Food production increased. Farmers
adopted better plows, and fishermen went even farther abroad. Sailors from the Mediterranean
met sailors from the Atlantic, and each group learned from the other. The
design of ships and maritime rigging advanced farther in the 14th and 15 th centuries
than it had in the previous two millennia.
The two biggest Atlantic powers, England and France, became enmeshed in the
Hundred Years War. France won the war, but it was ravaged and took a long time to
recover. The war had hardly ended when England plunged into the Wars of the Roses.
So the smaller Atlantic powers took the lead in exploring the ocean. Spaniards and
Portuguese discovered the Azores and the Canary Islands.
These voyages of discovery were not made in the pursuit of knowledge for its own
sake. The Ottoman Turks were still advancing in Europe. There was a legend that
off in Central Asia or Africa was Prester John, a Christian priest-Icing, who might be
induced to attack the Muslims from the rear. Prester John was not pure myth. Coptic
Christian monks from Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) had visited Portugal. And the
Pope had sent envoys to see the Great Khan, some of whose subjects were Christian.
Perhaps ships could find a sea route to the land of Prester John. To Iberian Christians,
skirmishing with Iberian Muslims, the Crusades were not some long-ago wars. "Here
we are always on crusade," a Spanish knight told an English visitor.
The Venetians, the Genoese, and the Turks controlled the Mediterranean, but
they could never go far into the Atlantic. The principal Mediterranean warship was
the galley. Galleys had sails, but in combat they used only oars for propulsion. Galleys
were long, narrow, low, fast, and maneuverable in calm water but unmanageable
and dangerous in rough seas. Because rowers propelled them, galleys had enormous
crews. No galley could carry enough food for a long trip. Thousands of years before
this, Phoenician mariners in the pay of Egypt had sailed around Africa. But it took
them three years to do it. They had to land every autumn to plant wheat. They stayed
until the grain was ready to harvest, then pushed on.
The sailors of Europe's Atlantic seaboard developed ships that could make long
trips on the high seas. They were much wider and higher than galleys, and only sails
propelled them. They could sail against the wind. Their crews were small. One of them
would stand no chance against a galley that boarded it.
For protection, they relied on guns. Not three or four forward-facing guns like
those of a galley, but rows of guns along the side. They had two, sometimes three, gun
decks, with cannons poking through gun ports that could be closed in high seas.
The Ottoman Turks had guns, but their artillery technology was far behind that of the
Europeans. Centuries of casting bronze church bells had made Europeans the world's best
makers of large castings. Then the bronze casters found it was not too hard to adapt their
skills to making cast iron guns. European shock warfare, between masses of heavily armored
men, also promoted the development of hand-held guns that could penetrate heavy armor.
Passage to India
To the Portuguese, the trip around Africa was another part of their endless crusade.
In 1415, they captured the Moorish port of Ceuta. Ceuta was a terminus of the
trans-Sahara caravans that brought gold and ivory up from Central Africa. The Portuguese
learned that there were riches to be had all the way to India. Their exploration
was methodical. They explored 100 leagues a year, establishing trading posts and
making treaties with native rulers as they moved south. The farther south they got,
the farther they got from civilization, culminating in the Bushmen at the southern tip
of Africa.
"The inhabitants of this country are brown," wrote a sailor known as Old Alvaro,
who accompanied Bartomeu Dias on the first Portuguese expedition to round the Cape
and continue on to India. "All they eat is the flesh of seals, whales and gazelles and the
roots of herbs. They are dressed in skins and wear sheaths over their private parts."
But the eastern coast of Africa proved to be completely different from the western
coast. Here the Portuguese saw no impoverished tribesmen living in grass huts. They
found port cities, with stone piers and many-storied buildings. In the cities were people
of many races: blacks, Indians, Persians, and Arabs. Most of the inhabitants of the ports
were of mixed race. Almost all were Muslims except for a few Hindus. They had never
seen Christians. They at first took the white Portuguese for Turks or Arabs.
Dias had skirmishes with the emirs of Mozambique and Mombassa, but he made
an ally of the emir of Malindi. Then he crossed the Indian Ocean and landed at Calicut.
Muslim merchants in Calicut induced its Hindu ruler to turn against the Portuguese,
and Dias was lucky to escape and sail back to Portugal.
Pedro Alvares Cabral led a second Portuguese expedition to Calicut. On the
way to India, Cabral accidentally discovered Brazil. In Calicut, the Portuguese had
more trouble with its ruler, and after helping the Rajah of Cochin, who was at war
with Calicut, they returned to Portugal. King Manoel then sent Vasco da Gama, who
had first reached the Cape of Good Hope, against Calicut. The troops of Calicut
were besieging Cochin when da Gama arrived. The firepower of the Portuguese fleet
routed the besiegers. The Portuguese followed up this success by seizing key points
on the Indian Ocean shores and destroying all Muslim shipping they could find.
Conquest of the sea
In 1505, the king and council of Portugal decided to consolidate all their enterprises
in "the Indies." Manoel appointed Francisco de Almeida viceroy and gave him
command of the greatest fleet ever sent out from Portugal.
Meanwhile, Muslim rulers in East Africa, South Arabia, and India had been complaining
to the Sultan of Egypt about the attacks of "the Frank." The Venetians, too,
urged their Egyptian ally to do something. The Sultan needed no persuasion: Egypt
was already feeling the pinch. The Egyptian sultan sent a message to his rival, the
Ottoman sultan, and the two Muslim powers agreed to cooperate. They concentrated
an enormous fleet at Jeddah on the west coast of Arabia and sailed down the Red Sea.
The Muslim admiral, Husain Kurdi, headed for Diu, a Muslim port.
Almeida's fleet had arrived at Cochin. Hearing that there was a concentration of
Muslim ships at Diu, he sent his son, Lorenco, with a few light ships to scout the area.
The Turco-Egyptian fleet trapped Lorenco, and he was killed. The Turks skinned
his body, stuffed it with straw, and sent it to the Sultan in Constantinople. Before
Almeida could concentrate his forces, the Muslims had sailed back to Arabia.
Two years later, Husain returned with even more ships. The great majority were
galleys, mounting three cannons in the bow over the big bronze beak used for ramming.
There were 200 ships, thousands of rowers, and 1,500 soldiers for boarding
enemy craft. Besides swords and spears, the soldiers carried bows or matchlocks. They
had grappling irons for seizing ships and fire pots for dropping on their decks. Husain
was going to settle the "Franks" once and for all.
When the Muslims returned, Almeida was ready. Burning with a desire for
revenge, he led his ships up to Diu. He had 17 ships, but all were larger and far
better armed than Husain's galleys. As soon as the Muslim scout ships reported seeing
Portuguese sails, the Muslims left the port and rowed toward them. The ocean was
rougher than the Red Sea or the Mediterranean. The galleys couldn't make as much
speed as they expected, and it was harder to keep in line.
Instead of charging straight ahead, as usual in combat between galleys, the Portuguese
turned broadside. Then they opened fire. They fired thundering salvos, drowning
out the sound of the comparatively few Muslim guns. Few Muslim ships got close enough
to ram or board. Portuguese fire shattered the galleys. Cannon balls plowed through the
banks of oarsmen, leaving masses of gore and mangled bodies. As an Indian writer put it,
"Courage availed nothing against artillery, and their fragile craft were sunk in batches." By
nightfall, the Muslim flagship had been sunk, along with most of the other galleys. The
surviving Egyptians and Turks ran their ships aground and fled into the city.
The Egyptian mamluks, weakened by the loss of the Oriental trade, were the first to suffer. The Ottomans conquered them eight years after Diu. In the following century,
the Turks made three more attempts to dispute mastery of the Indian Ocean
with the Portuguese. All ended the same way. The Portuguese eventually lost control
of the ocean, but they lost it to the Dutch, who were followed by the English and
French. The Indies trade, that great source of wealth, was lost to Islam forever. Dill,
A Genoese sailor, Christoforo Columbo, inspired by da Gama's feat in reaching the 1509 AD
Cape, began trying to sell his plan of sailing west to reach the East. The Portuguese said
his plan was based on faulty mathematics. (It was.) But the Spanish bought the idea.
Columbo sailed in 1492, right after the Spanish drove the last Muslims out of Spain.
When the 15th century began, Islam seemed about ready to dominate the world.
That prospect sank in the Indian Ocean off Diu.
http://www.bandung2.co.uk/books/Files/W ... %20History)%20-%20William%20Weir.pdf
varus Escreveu:Boa analise.
O que é o Y2k ?